Secondary metabolites from plant‐associated Pseudomonas are overproduced in biofilm

Summary Plant rhizosphere soil houses complex microbial communities in which microorganisms are often involved in intraspecies as well as interspecies and inter‐kingdom signalling networks. Some members of these networks can improve plant health thanks to an important diversity of bioactive secondary metabolites. In this competitive environment, the ability to form biofilms may provide major advantages to microorganisms. With the aim of highlighting the impact of bacterial lifestyle on secondary metabolites production, we performed a metabolomic analysis on four fluorescent Pseudomonas strains cultivated in planktonic and biofilm colony conditions. The untargeted metabolomic analysis led to the detection of hundreds of secondary metabolites in culture extracts. Comparison between biofilm and planktonic conditions showed that bacterial lifestyle is a key factor influencing Pseudomonas metabolome. More than 50% of the detected metabolites were differentially produced according to planktonic or biofilm lifestyles, with the four Pseudomonas strains overproducing several secondary metabolites in biofilm conditions. In parallel, metabolomic analysis associated with genomic prediction and a molecular networking approach enabled us to evaluate the impact of bacterial lifestyle on chemically identified secondary metabolites, more precisely involved in microbial interactions and plant‐growth promotion. Notably, this work highlights the major effect of biofilm lifestyle on acyl‐homoserine lactone and phenazine production in P. chlororaphis strains. Pseudomonas strains overproduce a higher diversity of secondary metabolites in biofilm colony than in planktonic lifestyle. In particular, the biosynthesis of key compounds implicated in bacterial biotic interactions like AHLs or phenazines are strongly enhanced in biofilms. Biofilms are thus key ways to enhance the biocontrol and biostimulant activities of bioinoculant for agriculture purposes.