Revealing the Importance of Capillary and Collisional Stresses on Soil Bed Erosion Induced by Debris Flows

Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme rainfall events and the snow cover to melt at high altitudes, which may exacerbate the threat posed by debris flows. Soil bed erosion, the process by which the bed material fails under loadings from a debris flow, is perhaps the most important momentum exchange process that governs the destructive potential of debris flows. Existing erosion theories adopt saturated soil mechanics to describe the failure of soil bed and place a strong emphasis on the basal friction induced shear stress as the driving mechanism. However, soil beds in nature are rarely saturated and field observations have hinted at the importance of collisional stresses as a driving mechanism. In this study, an unsaturated soil mechanics framework is used to characterize soil bed erosion by collisional flows. Experiments were conducted to model the erosion of unsaturated sandy beds with a wide range of initial matric suction values, which is a measure of capillary stresses, by gravel flows. Contrary to the existing literature, the rate of erosion does not increase linearly but demonstrates a parabola‐like relationship with the bed water content because the shear strength of unsaturated soil is governed by capillary stresses. The importance of collisional stresses on soil bed erosion is demonstrated by a newly proposed dimensionless number. Findings indicate that existing erosion models largely underestimate channel bed erosion, especially for soil beds with low water content, and stress the importance of hydro‐mechanical coupling to advance the current state of debris flow hazard delineation. Key Points Soil bed erosion by debris flow exhibits a parabola‐like relationship with bed water content under the influence of capillary stresses Basal collisional stresses have been largely ignored but are a major contributing factor to soil bed erosion by debris flow The effects of capillary and collisional stresses need to be captured in debris flow models to improve hazard delineation