Promises and Challenges of the Type Three Secretion System Injectisome as an Antivirulence Target

Antibiotic resistance is a great and growing threat to public health,motivating scientists to find innovative strategies to cure infections ( 1‐3 ). An alternative approach toclassical antibiotics is to target virulence factors ( 4 ): bacterial factors required for infection ordamage but not for growth outside the host ( 2, 5, 6 ). An antivirulence factor shouldrender the bacteria nonpathogenic by neutralizing a critical virulenceelement, thereby allowing clearance of the pathogen by the host immunesystem ( 5‐8 ).