Protection Systems

This chapter shows how the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) capabilities can be used for modelling and simulating protection systems. It reviews guidelines for representing power system components. The chapter discusses modelling guidelines for representing protection systems using ATP in three sections dedicated respectively to instrument transformers, protective relays at transmission levels, and protection systems at distribution levels. It also discusses instrument transformer models and presents illustrative case studies. The chapter analyses the implementation of relay models and their applications. It includes case studies with different relay technologies. The design of the protection systems for distribution systems uses a different methodology from that followed at transmission levels. The chapter discusses the modelling of protective devices at distribution levels and their coordination, which also covers the study of distribution systems with distributed energy resources. It presents several cases studies aimed at testing the custom‐made models implemented for representing distribution‐level protective devices and their coordination.