Measuring Techniques and Data Analysis

This chapter is concerned with machine implementation of transform techniques, either software or hardware, to obtain data in a form convenient for ac impedance analysis. It describes the advantages and limitations conferred by the use of phase‐sensitive detector (PSD). In addition, dynamic spectrum analyzers are capable of measuring amplitude and phase accurately; these are basically time‐domain instruments, and their function is discussed. The chapter discusses the successive‐approximation and integration analog to‐digital converters (ADCs) in detail. It presents ideas and techniques that are applied in the latest generation of commercially available equipment to the impedance measurement of many types of cells/samples including conductors at one extreme and dielectric/insulator materials at the other. The chapter examines single sine and multi‐sine techniques in more detail, and assesses the advantages/disadvantages of each technique.