Integrating recreation into National Forest Inventories – results from a forest visitor survey in winter and summer

Forest policy and management traditionally rely on physical forest data from National Forest Inventories (NFIs). Nationwide questionnaire surveys on the other hand provide information on the relationship between the human population and the forest, but data on the link to the physical forest is missing. In order to monitor outdoor recreation, both are needed. The aim of the present study is to bridge this gap by conducting a forest visitor survey in the vicinity of NFI sample plots and linking questionnaire data and NFI data in a multilevel model to determine the visual attractiveness of the forest plots in both winter and summer. In addition to traditional NFI measurements, visibility range was determined by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). The results show that visual attractiveness was mainly determined by the individual characteristics of forest visitors. Although forest plots were generally liked better in summer, major seasonal differences between forest characteristics were limited to a few parameters, and differences in the characteristics of winter and summer visitors were small. Non-seasonal plot-specific variables played a greater role in explaining visual attractiveness than seasonal differences within the forest plots. TLS proved to be a sophisticated and reliable, but time-consuming, method for determining visibility range. We conclude that the resource-intensive on-site survey yielded interesting results, but that intangible factors and confounding effects made it difficult to pinpoint exactly which features determine forest attractiveness. Future monitoring of forest recreation should aim to strengthen the link between physical forest monitoring, as conducted in NFIs, and socio-cultural forest monitoring.