Fertility problems in the bitch

The physiological origin, diagnosis and therapy of fertility occurring during the oestrus cycle are described. Fertility problems are often the result of inappropriate management of the bitch. This paper is concerned with breeding management. Defining the ovulation period and therefore the correct time of mating is discussed. The ovulation period can be defined by measuring progesterone in the peripheral blood or by vaginoscopy, which is a less reliable method. Fertility problems resulting from hormonal disturbances such as a prolonged anoestrus, persistent oestrus, split heat and cystic endometrial hyperplasia-mucometra are reviewed. Finally, a brief overview of anatomic abnormalities and disorders with an infectious etiology, with the exception of pyometra, is presented.