Monetary policy strategies for the European Central Bank

We develop a behavioral DSGE model which addresses the forward guidance puzzle. We then use the estimated model to assess if unconventional monetary policy tools such as negative interest rates, forward guidance, and asset purchases can provide efficient macroeconomic stabilization in a low nominal and real interest rate environment. While these tools boost output and inflation, the rebound from deep recession can still be painfully slow. Makeup strategies, including average inflation and price level targeting, can further support recovery and reduce downside risks, though the benefits are quite modest under behavioral expectations.