Pathologically Responsive Mitochondrial Gene Therapy in an Allotopic Expression‐Independent Manner Cures Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare inherited blindness caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The disorder is untreatable and tricky, as the existing chemotherapeutic agent Idebenone alleviates symptoms rather than overcoming the underlying cause. Although some studies have made progress on allotopic expression for LHON, in situ mitochondrial gene therapy remains challenging, which may simplify delivery procedures to be a promising therapeutic for LHON. LHON becomes more difficult to manage in the changed mitochondrial microenvironment, including increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Herein, a pathologically responsive mitochondrial gene delivery vector named [triphenylphosphine‐terminated poly(sulfur‐containing thioketal undecafluorohexylamine histamine) and Ide‐terminated poly(sulfur‐containing thioketal undecafluorohexylamine histamine)] (TISUH) is reported to facilitate commendable in situ mitochondrial gene therapy for LHON. TISUH directly targets diseased mitochondria via triphenylphosphine and fluorination addressing the decreasing MMP. In addition, TISUH can be disassembled by high mitochondrial ROS levels to release functional genes for enhancing gene transfection efficiency and fundamentally correcting genetic abnormalities. In both traditional and gene‐mutation‐induced LHON mouse models, TISUH‐mediated gene therapy shows satisfactory curative effect through the sustained therapeutic protein expression in vivo. This work proposes a novel pathologically responsive in situ mitochondrial delivery platform and provides a promising approach for refractory LHON as well as other mtDNA mutated diseases treatments. A pathologically responsive mitochondrial gene therapy referred to as “TISUH” in an allotopic expression‐independent manner achieves accurately in situ mitochondrial gene delivery. It is a novel nanomedicine harnessing pathological characteristics to import exogenous gene into mitochondria for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy treatment, a capability that has potential to model mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutated disorders and correct genetic abnormalities in other mtDNA mutated diseases.