Bottom- and pore-water oxygenation during the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) in the Asturian Basin (N Spain): Ichnological information to improve facies analysis

Detailed bed-by-bed ichnological and sedimentological analysis of the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) in two sections from the Asturian Basin – Rodiles and Lastres – reveals changes in the macrobenthic tracemaker community mainly induced by oxygen fluctuations. Ichnological analysis enabled us to document an abundant and diverse trace fossil assemblage, with ten ichnogenera, probably corresponding to alternations between the Zoophycos ichnofacies and the distal expression of the Glossifungites ichnofacies: Arenicolites, Chondrites, Diplocraterion, Halimedides, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Rhizocorallium, Thalassinoides, Trichichnus and Zoophycos. Six ichnofabrics were differentiated: laminated?, Diplocraterion–Thalassinoides, Chondrites-mottled, Chondrites–Palaeophycus–Planolites, Chondrites–Halimedides–Planolites and Chondrites-laminated. Ichnological features (including ichnodiversity, distribution of traces and cross-cutting relationships) allowed us to characterise a well-developed multi-tiered macrobenthic tracemaker community, as well as distinguish different tiering models associated with variations in bottom- and pore-water oxygenation. Anoxic conditions associated with the T-OAE corresponded mainly, but not exclusively, to black shale facies. Minor-order oxygen fluctuations from suboxic/anoxic to disoxic/oxic conditions developed during the middle part of the T-OAE. Laminated intra-T-OAE dark and light grey marls show lithological features similar to those of bioturbated pre- and post-event marls; thus, the ichnological information provides evidence that the T-OAE had a larger effect on biota than on depositional features.