Difficulty in activities of daily living and falls in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study with nondialysis controls

Introduction: Impaired activities of daily living (ADL) and falls are important issues in hemodialysis patients. So far, information is limited regarding self-reported difficulty with ADL (ADL difficulty) in hemodialysis patients. Then, we compared the degree of ADL difficulty and the prevalence of fallers between hemodialysis patients and a nondialyzed control group. Also, the possible association between ADL difficulty and falls was examined. Methods: This was a single center, cross-sectional study including two groups of outpatients aged 50 years or older; 209 prevalent hemodialysis patients, and 139 nonrenal patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and/or dyslipidemia (control group). ADL difficulty score was evaluated by a 48-item questionnaire including six subscales of ADLs namely locomotion, eating, toileting, dressing, bathing, and grooming. Experience of falls in the previous year period was examined by a questionnaire. Findings: The two groups did not differ significantly in age or sex. The hemodialysis group had a higher median (interquartile range) total score of ADL difficulty than the control group [10 (2-39) vs. 2 (0-10); p < 0.001] and a higher prevalence of fallers (73/209, 34.9% vs. 16/139, 11.5%; p < 0.00). In multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses, history of falls was independently associated with a higher score of ADL difficulty for total or each of the six subscales. Discussion: The hemodialysis patients had a significantly higher ADL difficulty and a higher prevalence of fallers than the control group. Self-reported ADL difficulty and falls were closely linked regardless of the patient group.