Head and neck manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a rare autoimmune condition which causes respiratory tract granulomas, small to medium vessel vasculitis and renal disease. Head and neck manifestations are some of the most common presentations of the condition, with a significant proportion of patients experiencing sinonasal disease alone. The recognition of suggestive imaging findings, in combination with clinical history and serology, aids the diagnosis and appropriate treatment. This pictorial review describes and illustrates the head and neck imaging features of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, highlighting the range of CT and MRI findings of upper aerodigestive tract, orbital and skull--base disease. Recognition of the radiological appearances is of importance, since clinical presentations may be non--specific and limited disease may have negative serology. Imaging features may overlap with other pathologies so important differential diagnoses will be considered, and these are particularly relevant in the context of treatment resistance.