Diversity of Colletotrichum species causing onion anthracnose in Brazil

Foliar anthracnose is one of the main diseases of onion ( Allium cepa L.) under tropical and subtropical conditions. Thus far, only Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has been reported as the causal agent of this disease in Brazil. However, there are no extensive studies characterizing Colletotrichum isolates associated with onion anthracnose in the country. Here, 38 Colletotrichum isolates obtained from onion plants displaying foliar anthracnose across major Brazilian onion-producing regions were characterized using morphometric and molecular information. The Bayesian and Maximum Liklihood methods were used for an initial analysis of the β-tubulin gene ( tub2 ) sequences of all isolates, resulting in the discrimination of nine haplotypes. Three haplotypes grouped with the reference species of the C. acutatum complex and six with the C. gloeosporioides complex. Sequences of either the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( gapdh ), actin ( act ), and calmodulin genes or the intergenic spacer (IGS) region between DNA lyase ( apn 2) gene and the mating-type mat 1–2-1 locus were used to characterize a subset of isolates representing these nine distinct tub 2 gene haplotypes. These analyses revealed five anthracnose-inducing Colletotrichum species, including three members of the C. acutatum species complex ( C. nymphaeae , C. scovillei , and C . tamarilloi ) and two of the C . gloeosporioides species complex ( C. fructicola and C. theobromicola ). Bioassays confirmed that all these Colletotrichum species are pathogenic to onion, inducing typical anthracnose symptoms on bulbs and leaves. Twenty-six out of 38 isolates were identified as C. theobromicola , indicating this fungus as the prevalent anthracnose pathogen under Brazilian conditions. This Colletotrichum species diversity will affect anthracnose management strategies, including chemical and cultural control as well as the identification and deployment of onion cultivars with species-specific and/or wide-spectrum tolerance/resistance.