Differences in root exudate inputs and rhizosphere effects on soil N transformation between deciduous and evergreen trees

Background and aims While the coupled effects of root exudates and microbial feedbacks on soil processes are well-recognized, we still lack an understanding of differences in root exudate fluxes and the associated ecological consequences among tree growth forms. Methods Two deciduous tree species (i.e., Cercidiphyllum japonicum and Larix kaempferi ) and two evergreen tree species (i.e., Pinus armandi and Pinus tabulaeformis ) were selected to perform an in-situ collection of root exudates during the growing season in 2016. The net N mineralization rates and associated microbial enzyme activities were measured in rhizosphere and bulk soils to evaluate rhizosphere effects. Moreover, we compiled the dataset related to root exudation and their associated biological traits and the soil chemical properties for 21 tree species from temperate forests. Results The root exudation rates and the annual root exudate carbon (C) fluxes of two deciduous tree species were significantly higher than those of the two evergreen tree species. Correspondingly, the rhizosphere effects of deciduous tree species on the microbial biomass, enzyme activity and net N mineralization rate were approximately 1.9, 1.6 and 2.4 times greater than those of the evergreen tree species, respectively. Rhizosphere effects were positively correlated with the root exudation rate. The compiled dataset also suggest that deciduous tree species tend to have higher exudation rates than evergreen tree species in temperate forests. Conclusions Collectively, these results suggest that the two tree growth forms exhibit different patterns in root exudate inputs and associated rhizosphere microbial processes. Generally, deciduous tree species tend to exude more C into the soil and consequently induce greater microbial feedback on soil N transformations during the growing season in temperate regions, implying that deciduous tree species induced a greater effect on the C and nutrient cycling in rhizosphere soil than evergreen tree species.