The use of finite element analysis in dentistry and orthodontics: Critical points for model development and interpreting results

Objective: This paper highlights common procedures for establishing a well-constructed FEA problem using a representative dental geometry, and discusses how results can be interpreted to understand the validity of methods and the scope over which the results are valid. Materials and Methods: A representative multi-rooted tooth geometry was generated to study the difference in mesh-density convergence when applying a 1 N occlusal force to a single node versus being distributed over a region. Additionally, a representative tooth-periodontal ligament (PDL)-bone complex was generated with a distributed 500 N occlusal load. PDL Young's modulus values were varied to demonstrate how changing properties influenced simulation outcomes. Results: The mesh density convergence study illustrated the divergent stress response when exposed to a point load as compared to the convergent response using a distributed load. Studying the tooth-PDL-bone complex showed that changing PDL properties had a substantial effect on tooth displacement and maximum stress within the PDL and nearby bone, but had less influence on stresses within the bone farther away from the PDL. Conclusions: The research illustrated the importance of proper FEA problem definition as it pertains to ensuring validity of results and that they truly reflect the overall goals of the analysis.