HIMU geochemical signature originating from the transition zone

•First direct observation that some ocean island volcanism sample the transition zone.•High-pressure multiple phase diamond inclusion originated from the transition zone.•HIMU (high U/Pb) geochemical signature in a diamond inclusion entrapped at the transition zone. Plume volcanism may sample mantle sources deeper than mid-ocean ridge and arc volcanism. Ocean island basalts (OIBs) are commonly related to plume volcanism, and their diverse isotopic and elemental compositions can be described using a limited number of mantle endmembers. However, the origins and depths of these mantle endmembers are highly debated. Here we show that the HIMU (high μ, μ=238U/204Pb) endmember may reside in the transition zone. Specifically, we report the geochemical signature of a high-pressure multiphase diamond inclusion, entrapped at 420–440 km depth and 1450 ± 50 K, which matches exactly the geochemical patterns of the HIMU-rich OIBs. Since the HIMU component is variably sampled by almost all OIBs, our finding implies that the transition zone causes a major overprint of the geochemical features of mantle plumes. Some mantle plumes, like those feeding Bermuda, St Helena, Tubuai and Mangaia, appear to be dominated by this source. Furthermore, our finding highlights the importance of the transition zone in highly incompatible element budget of the mantle.