Variation of different metabolites and heavy metals in Oryza sativa L., related to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka

Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) is a serious health problem in Sri Lanka. This disease is especially seen among lowland rice cultivators. Chemical stress factors such as pesticides and heavy metals can change the chemical composition and quantities of various metabolites in plants. Therefore, in this study phenolic compounds, free amino acid content and Chromium, Cadmium, Lead contents of rice grains were determined in CKDu prevalent areas. Furthermore, Chromium, Cadmium and Lead contents of cooked rice in CKDu prevalent areas were determined because they still use well water for cooking purposes and none of studies have been conducted to investigate the heavy metal contents of cooked rice. The total flavonoid contents of rice grains in highly CKDu affected areas are comparatively lower and has a significant negative correlation with Cadmium and Chromium contents in rice grains (P