Influence of intermediate principal stress on failure mechanism of hard rock with a pre-existing circular opening

Based on particle flow theory, the influences of the magnitude and direction of the intermediate principal stress on failure mechanism of hard rock with a pre-existing circular opening were studied by carrying out true triaxial tests on siltstone specimen. It is shown that peak strength of siltstone specimen increases firstly and subsequently decreases with the increase of the intermediate principal stress. And its turning point is related to the minimum principal stress and the direction of the intermediate principal stress. Failure characteristic（brittleness or ductility） of siltstone is determined by the minimum principal stress and the difference between the intermediate and minimum principal stress. The intermediate principal stress has a significant effect on the types and distributions of microcracks. The failure modes of the specimen are determined by the magnitude and direction of the intermediate principal stress, and related to weakening effect of the opening and inhibition effect of confining pressure in essence： when weakening effect of the opening is greater than inhibition effect of confining pressure, the failure surface is parallel to the x axis（such as σ2=σ3=0 MPa）; conversely, the failure surface is parallel to the z axis（such as σ2=20 MPa, σ3=0 MPa）.