Identification of annual routines and critical stopover sites of a breeding shorebird in the Yellow Sea,China

Pied Avocets(Recurvirostra avosetta)are common migratory shorebirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.From 2019 to 2021,GPS/GSM transmitters were used to track 40 Pied Avocets nesting in northern Bohai Bay to identify annual routines and key stopover sites.On average,southward migration of Pied Avocets started on 23 October and arrived at wintering sites(mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and coastal wetlands)in southern China on 22 November;northward migration started on 22 March with arrival at breeding sites on 7 April.Most avocets used the same breeding sites and wintering sites between years,with an average migration distance of 1124 km.There was no significant difference between sexes on the migration timing or distance in both northward and southward migration,except for the departure time from the wintering sites and winter distribution.The coastal wetland of Lianyungang in Jiangsu Province is a critical stopover site.Most in-dividuals rely on Lianyungang during both northward and southward migration,indicating that species with short migration distances also heavily rely on a few stopover sites.However,Lianyungang lacks adequate protection and is facing many threats,including tidal flat loss.We strongly recommend that the coastal wetland of Lia-nyungang be designated as a protected area to effectively conserve the critical stopover site.