Sequence-stratigraphic frameworks and their palaeogeographic patterns for the Permian Lopingian of the Dianqiangui Basin and its adjacent areas of Southwestern China

The Permian Lopingian in the Dianqiangui Basin and its adjacent areas is marked by the coal measures of the Wuchiapingian and the carbonate strata of the Changhsingian stages. For the Lopingian of the Dianqiangui Basin and its adjacent areas, the diversity of sedimentary facies and the obviousness of facies change provide an advantaged condition on a study of sequence stratigraphy. Approximately, the Wuchiapingian stage constitutes a third-order sequence and the Changhsingian stage forms another. For the Wuchiapingian stage in the study area, coal-measures were developed on the attached platform and, in addition, a special coal-measure that is composed of both limestone beds and coal beds was also developed in the central part of some isolated platforms. Grain-bank grainstones and packstones were formed on the margin of the attached platform as well as in the windward part of isolated platforms. For the Changhsingian stage in the study area, open-platform limestones were formed on the attached platform, while sponge-reef limestones were developed both on the margin of the attached platform and on the isolated platforms. The Lopingian Series is a set of basin-facies muddy shales with interbeds of silicalites in the inter-platform basin, which appears a set of the large-thick coarse clastic strata of molasses covering direct the deep-water strata from the Devonian to the Permian Yangsingian in the Qinzhou-Fangcheng region in the southern part of the study area. All of these features indicate the complexity of temporal-spatial facies-changes. Sequence-stratigraphic frameworks could be established, which would illustrate two types of facies-changing surfaces and diachronisms in the stratigraphic records, based on the combination of both biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic materials and the regularity reflected by temporal evolutionary succession of sediments as well as spatial distributional patterns of sedimentary facies. Ultimately, features of sedimentary succession and palaeogeographical evolution of the Permian Lopingian in the study area are revealed clearly in a series of the panel diagrams of sequence-stratigraphic frameworks and the outline maps showing the sedimentary-facies and palaeogeography. The Permian Lopingian formed by two third-order sequences differs from the stratigraphy of the same era characterized by the constant regression along Euramerica. Most specially, if the end-Guadalupian mass-extinction event is genetically related to a re