The influence of runoff and wind on the dispersion patterns of suspended sediment in the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary based on MODIS data

Cloud-free moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary (ZRE) taken between 2002 and 2012 are retrieved and used to study the spatial and temporal patterns of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) across the estuary under runoff, wind, and tropical storm conditions. Five typical dispersal patterns of suspended sediments in the estuary are defined: Case I shows generally low SSCs under low dynamics; Case II shows a river-dominant dispersal pattern of suspended sediments from the outlets, particularly from Modaomen, Jiaomen, Hengmen, and others; Case III shows wind-dominant dispersal of high SSCs derived from the west shoal and southwesterly transport under a strong NE wind; Case IV is the combination of relatively large runoff and wind; and Case V is caused by a strong tropical storm with high river discharge and wind, which is characterized by the high SSCs across the entire estuary that are transported eastward by winddriven and buoyancy currents outside the estuary. Runoff is a dominant factor that controls seasonal and annual SSC variations in the ZRE, with the area of high SSCs being largest in the summer and smallest in the spring. The correlation coefficients between the monthly averaged river-suspended sediment discharge and the area of the high SSCs are approximately 0.6. The wind power over the west shoal increases with a wind speed, which induces more sediment resuspension and shows a close relationship between the wind speed and high SSC area.