The spatial dimension of poverty

Few would dispute that the spatial concentration of poverty reinforces constraints that keep people in deprivation. Furthermore, many analysts have determined that spatial segregation is increasing (see e. g. Musterd et al. 2016; Logan 2013). A debate, however, exists about its underlying causes. The Chicago School, which introduced spatial mechanisms into the explanation of social differentiation, identified cultural transmission within distinct parts of cities that affected the aspirations and behaviour of people residing in them. Critics of the Chicago School did not deny that social difference accompanied spatial markers, but contended that the spatially based behaviours associated with the Gold