Augmentative biological control of arthropods in Latin America

Augmentative forms of biological control, wherenatural enemies are periodically introduced,are applied over large areas in variouscropping systems in Latin America. About 25%of the world area under augmentative control issituated in this region. Well-known examplesare the use of species of the egg parasitoidTrichogramma for management ofLepidoptera in various crops. In Mexico, forexample, about 1.5 million hectares are treatedwith Trichogramma spp. Application ofTrichogramma also occurs on large areasin Colombia and Cuba, but use is limited inother Latin American countries for economicreasons, the generally low level of educationof farmers, and, more importantly, because ofthe intensive use of pesticides that preventsuse of natural enemies. Of the other eggparasitoids, the main species used incommercial releases are Trissolcusbasalis (Wollaston) against the heteropteranNezara viridula (L.) in soybean inBrazil, and Telenomus remus Nixon againstSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) incorn in Venezuela. Natural enemies attackinglarval and pupal stages are not used to a largeextent in augmentative biological control infield crops, with the exception of the use ofCotesia parasitoids against sugarcaneborers in Brazil and several other LatinAmerican countries. In addition to the use ofparasitoids and predators, Latin America isapplying microbial control agents on a largescale, such as viruses for control ofcaterpillars in soybean, fungi for control ofpests in coffee, cotton and sugar cane, andnematodes for control of soil pests. A recentdevelopment in biological control in LatinAmerica is the use of natural enemies andantagonists for disease and pest control inprotected cultivation, for example, inColombia, Brazil and Peru. Up to date, reliablefigures on current use of inundative andseasonal inoculative biological controlappeared hard to obtain, but it is clear thatLatin America currently is a main player in thefield of augmentative releases.