Potential use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) as a cement replacement in precast concrete blocks

The present study explored the technological feasibility of re-using sewage sludge ash (SSA) as a Portland cement replacement in commercially manufactured pre cast concrete blocks. The blocks analysed were made to the guidelines laid down in Spain s National Plan for Waste Water Treatment Plant Sludge, 2001 2006, and European Union specifications (CE marking) for such products. Performance was compared in three families of blocks, with 0, 10 and 20% SSA. The findings proved that SSA is apt for pre cast concrete block manufacture and that, in addition to the economic and environmental benefits afforded, its use would improve certain of the properties of conventional block. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of the Environment under project A173/2007/304.4. The authors wish to thank Prefabricados Saval Hermanos, S. L. for the use of their pre cast concrete plant facilities to manufacture the blocks analysed in this study. Pérez-Carrión, M.; Baeza-Brotons, F.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Saval, J.; Zornoza Gómez, EM.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Garcés, P. (2014). Potential use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) as a cement replacement in precast concrete blocks. Materiales de Construcción. 64(313):2-11. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2014.06312 Inci, I., Schuurmans, M. M., Kestenholz, P., Schneiter, D., Hillinger, S., Opitz, I., … Weder, W. (2012). Long-term outcomes of bilateral lobar lung transplantation. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 43(6), 1220-1225. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezs541 Artemiou, O., Wieselthaler, G., Zuckermann, A., Wisser, W., Wekerle, T., Senbaklavaci, O., … Klepetko, W. (1997). Downsizing of the donor lung: Peripheral segmental resections and lobar transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, 29(7), 2899-2900. doi:10.1016/s0041-1345(97)00722-7 Aigner, C. (2004). Lobar transplantation, split lung transplantation and peripheral segmental resection – reliable procedures for downsizing donor lungs. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 25(2), 179-183. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2003.11.009 Bisson, A., Bonnette, P., El Kadi, N. B., Leroy, M., & Colchen, A. (1994). Bilateral pulmonary lobe transplantation: Left lower and right middle and lower lobes. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 57(1), 219-221. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(94)90405-7 Couetil, J.-P. A., Tolan, M. J., Loulmet, D. F., Guinvarch, A., Chevalier, P. G., Achkar, A., … Carpentier, A. F. (1997). Pulmonary bipartitioning and lobar transplantation: A new approach to donor organ shortage. The J