Cell Culture Evaluation of the Semliki Forest Virus Expression System As a Novel Approach for Antigen Delivery and Expression in Fish

Heterologous gene expression by Semliki Forest virus (SFV) expression vectors was investigated in fish cell culture. Experiments performed using an infectious strain of SFV, replication-defective SFV particles, and recombinant SFV RNA constructs encoding the Escherchia coli LacZ or firefly luciferase reporter genes indicated that levels of SFV-mediated expression in fish cells were dependent on cell type and temperature. Maximal expression levels were observed in the two salmonid-derived cell lines CHSE-214 and F95/9 at 25 degrees C and 20 degrees C. As the temperature was lowered to 15 degrees C or below, levels of reporter gene expression were reduced up to 1000-fold, indicating that the SFV replication complex functioned inefficiently at low temperatures. The ability of SFV expression systems to function in fish cells was further investigated by analyzing the expression of the protective VP2 antigen of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) from the various constructs, including a novel DNA-based SFV plasmid. The VP2 protein produced in CHSE-214 and F95/9 cells transfected or infected with the recombinant SFV-IPNV VP2 constructs appeared to be synthesized in an antigenically correct form, as evidenced by the ability to react with several conformation-dependent IPNV-specific monoclonal antibodies. Whether the temperature-restricted replication and expression displayed by SFV-based constructs in fish cell culture also occurs in vivo remains to be determined.