Mechanisms of cross-resistance between nucleoside analogues and vincristine or daunorubicin in leukemic cells

The aim of this study was to clarify the biochemical and molecular mechanisms behind the cross-resistance to nucleoside analogues (NAs) in four erythroleukemic cell lines with acquired resistance to the anthracycline daunorubicin and to the vinca alkaloid vincristine, expressing high levels of p-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1). All resistant strains exhibited cross-resistance to NA (cladribine and cytosine arabinoside) -induced apoptosis, assessed by caspase-3-like activation and were less sensitive to NA cytotoxicity in MTT assay. Real-time PCR and enzyme activity analysis showed reduced amounts of deoxycytidine kinase (35–80%) and elevated levels of 5 ′-nucleotidases (50–100%). The ratio 5 ′-nucleotidase to deoxycytidine kinase increased between 2.5- and 7.5-folds in resistant cells. This is in agreement with the observation that 5 ′-nucleotidase/deoxycytidine kinase ratio might be an important factor in predicting resistance to NAs. Implications of this finding for combining anthracyclines or vinca alkaloids with NAs toward leukemic cells are discussed.