Stereotypic Immune System Development in Newborn Children

Epidemiological data suggest that early life exposures are key determinants of immune-mediated disease later in life. Young children are also particularly susceptible to infections, warranting more analyses of immune system development early in life. Such analyses mostly have been performed in mouse models or human cord blood samples, but these cannot account for the complex environmental exposures influencing human newborns after birth. Here, we performed longitudinal analyses in 100 newborn children, sampled up to 4 times during their first 3 months of life. From 100 μL of blood, we analyze the development of 58 immune cell populations by mass cytometry and 267 plasma proteins by immunoassays, uncovering drastic changes not predictable from cord blood measurements but following a stereotypic pattern. Preterm and term children differ at birth but converge onto a shared trajectory, seemingly driven by microbial interactions and hampered by early gut bacterial dysbiosis. [Display omitted] •Cord blood is not representative of postnatal immunity•Preterm and term children differ at birth but rapidly converge thereafter•Immune system development follows a stereotypic pattern early in life•Dynamic parameters imply microbial interactions during early immune development Longitudinal profiling of blood immune cells from 100 newborns provides a systemic view on the ontogeny of the human neonatal immune system.