The Levels of Ribonucleotide Reductase, Thioredoxin, Glutaredoxin 1, and GSH Are Balanced in Escherichia coli K12

The dithiol forms of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin are hydrogen donors for ribonucleotide reductase. We have determined the intracellular levels of ribonucleotide reductase (RRase), thioredoxin (Trx), glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), and glutathione (GSH) and the glutathione redox status in new Escherichia coli K12 strains lacking thioredoxin ( trxA − ), glutaredoxin 1 ( grxA − ), and/or GSH ( gshA − ) or overproducing Trx or Grx1 from multicopy plasmids. We propose a regulatory network in which RRase levels are balanced with those of Trx, Grx1, and GSH so that deficiency or overproduction of one component would promote the opposite effect on the others to maintain a balanced supply of deoxyribonucleotides. GSH deficiency strongly increased both Grx1 levels and RRase activity, even more than Trx deficiency. Double gshA − trxA − bacteria were viable, whereas additional deficiency in lipoate synthesis ( gshA − trxA − lipA − ) caused the inability to grow in minimal medium plates supplemented with acetate plus succinate instead of lipoic acid. Thus, lipoate might be the only substitute of GSH for glutaredoxin reduction in gshA − trxA − cells, although the extremely high Grx1 content (55-fold) of these bacteria suggests that electron transfer from lipoate might be an inefficient reduction mechanism of glutaredoxins. Moreover, the enhanced Grx1 level of gshA − trxA − cells could obviate the need for a large increase in RRase activity, in contrast to grxA − trxA − double mutant cells. Impairment of the sulfate assimilation pathway, leading to very low GSH concentrations, and an oxidized glutathione redox state might explain the inability of grxA − trxA − cells to grow in minimal medium. Restoration of nearly normal levels of both GSH content and redox status cure the growth defect.