Characteristics of primary infection of a European human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B isolate in chimpanzees

WM Bogers, WH Koornstra, RH Dubbes, PJ ten Haaft, BE Verstrepen, SS Jhagjhoorsingh, AG Haaksma, H Niphuis, JD Laman, S Norley, H Schuitemaker, J Goudsmit, G Hunsmann, JL Heeney and H Wigzell Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands. The aim of the study was to select, from a panel of candidate European human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade B primary virus isolates, one isolate based on replication properties in chimpanzee peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Secondly, to evaluate the in vivo kinetics of primary infection of the selected isolate at two different doses in two mature, outbred chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Four different low passage, human PBMC-cultured 'primary' HIV-1 isolates with European clade B consensus sequence were compared for their ability to replicate in vitro in chimpanzee versus human PBMC. The isolate which yielded the highest titre and most vigorous cytopathic effect in chimpanzee PBMC was evaluated for coreceptor usage and chosen for evaluation in vivo. Only the HIV-1Han2 isolate replicated in chimpanzee PBMC in vitro at detectable levels. This isolate was demonstrated to utilize CCR4, CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors and could be inhibited by beta-chemokines. Infection of chimpanzees was demonstrated by viral RNA and DNA PCR analysis, both in plasma as well as in PBMC and lymph node cells as early as 3 weeks after inoculation. Antibodies developed within 6 weeks and continued to increase to a maximum titre of approximately 12800, thereafter remaining in this range over the follow-up period of 2 years. Compared to cell line- adapted HIV-1 isolates there were slight but no dramatic differences in the kinetics of infection of chimpanzees with this particular primary isolate.