The Daily‐Resolved Southern Ocean Mixed Layer: Regional Contrasts Assessed Using Glider Observations

Water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean is vital for driving the large‐scale overturning circulation, which transports heat from the surface to the ocean interior. Using profiling gliders, this study investigates the role of summertime buoyancy forcing and wind‐driven processes on the intraseasonal (1–10 days) mixed layer thermohaline variability in three Southern Ocean regions southwest of Africa important for water mass transformation—the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ), and Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). At intraseasonal time scales, heat flux was shown as the main driver of buoyancy gain in all regions. In the SAZ and MIZ, shallow mixed layers and strong stratification enhanced mixed layer buoyancy gain by trapping incoming heat, while buoyancy loss resulted primarily from the entrainment of cold, salty water from below. In the PFZ, rapid mixing linked to Southern Ocean storms set persistently deep mixed layers and suppressed mixed layer intraseasonal thermohaline variability. In the polar regions, lateral stirring of meltwater from seasonal sea‐ice melt dominated daily mixed layer salinity variability. We propose that these meltwater fronts are advected to the PFZ during late summer, indicating the potential for seasonal sea‐ice freshwater to impact a region where the upwelling limb of overturning circulation reaches the surface. This study reveals a regional dependence of how the mixed layer thermohaline properties respond to small spatiotemporal processes, emphasizing the importance of surface forcing occurring between 1 and 10 days on the mixed layer water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean. Plain Language Summary The Southern Ocean extends from the cold and fresh polar waters near Antarctica to the warm and salty subtropics and is capped by a region called the mixed layer, where winds keep properties well mixed. Mixed layer waters play a key role in the Earth's climate by taking up heat from the atmosphere before being transported into the ocean interior, where they remain for centuries. The process by which heat leaves the mixed layer is poorly understood, but recent observations suggest that oceanic currents that vary on the scale of a few kilometers, that are not represented well in climate models, may dominate this exchange. Using autonomous ocean gliders at three locations from the northern to the southern Southern Ocean, we show that in the Subantarctic and sea‐ice‐impacted sea, shallow mixed layers lead to increas