Topical anaesthesia in strabismus surgery for Graves’ orbitopathy: a comparative study of 111 patients

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the tolerability and usability of topical anaesthesia in single rectus muscle recession for strabismus caused by Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). To compare the perioperative pain score and surgical outcome between GO patients and non‐GO patients. Methods A retrospective comparative study of consecutive single rectus muscle recession performed under topical anaesthesia was carried out. All patients scheduled for one‐stage single rectus muscle recession under topical anaesthesia were included. Numerical visual analogue pain score scale (NVAS) points, rates of motor success (horizontal deviation