Proteomics on human cerebral cavernous malformations reveals novel biomarkers in neurovascular dysfunction for the disease pathology

Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease associated with an elevated risk of focal neurological deficits, seizures, and hemorrhagic stroke. The disease has an inflammatory profile and improved knowledge of CCM pathology mechanisms and exploration of candidate biomarkers will enable new non-invasive treatments. We analyzed protein signatures in human CCM tissue samples by using a highly specific and sensitive multiplexing technique, proximity extension assay. Data analysis revealed CCM specific proteins involved in endothelial dysfunction/inflammation/activation, leukocyte infiltration/chemotaxis, hemostasis, extracellular matrix dysfunction, astrocyte and microglial cell activation. Biomarker expression profiles matched bleeding status, especially with higher levels of inflammatory markers and activated astrocytes in ruptured than non-ruptured samples, some of these biomarkers are secreted into blood or urine. Furthermore, analysis was also done in a spatially resolving manner by separating the lesion area from the surrounding brain tissue. Our spatial studies revealed that although appearing histologically normal, the CCM border areas were pathological when compared to control brain tissues. Moreover, the functional relevance of CD93, ICAM-1 and MMP9, markers related to endothelial cell activation and extracellular matrix was validated by a murine pre-clinical CCM model. Here we present a novel strategy for proteomics analysis on human CCMs, offering a possibility for high-throughput protein screening acquiring data on the local environment in the brain. Our data presented here describe CCM relevant brain proteins and specifically those which are secreted can serve the need of circulating CCM biomarkers to predict cavernoma's risk of bleeding. [Display omitted] •Patients with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are at an increased risk for brain bleeds•Biomarkers that predict risks for a bleed are needed•Here, we used proximity extension assay, a high-throughput strategy for protein analysis on resected CCM brain biopsies•Our data revealed novel CCM relevant proteins, some of which are secreted•Candidate secreted proteins may serve as circulating biomarkers to predict the risk of bleeding