Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy in Psathyrellaceae (Agaricales) with focus on psathyrelloid species: introduction of three new genera and 18 new species

Based on traditional morphology, sequence data, and phylogenetic analyses, 18 new species are here described: Coprinellus christianopolitanus , Coprinopsis musae , C. udicola , Psathyrella arenosa , P. carminei , P. fennoscandica , P. ichnusae , P. lilliputana , P. lyckebodensis , P. madida , P. rybergii , P. sabuletorum , P. scanica , P. siccophila , P. stridvallii , P. sublatispora , P. vesterholtii , and Typhrasa nanispora. Psathyrella hololanigera and P. tenera are reported as new to Europe and P. parva as new to the Nordic countries. A four-gene dataset on Psathyrellaceae were analyzed by Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Constraint analyses were performed to determine limits of /Psathyrella, and to evaluate whether the /Coprinellus, /cordisporus, and /gossypina clades could be regarded with confidence as monophyletic clades outside of the clade /Psathyrella. This was not unambiguously supported. Based on the phylogenetic results, Kauffmania is proposed as a monotypic genus for the species P. larga and Typhrasa for P. gossypina and the new described species T. nanispora . The genus Homophron is formally validated and three combinations are proposed: H. spadiceum , H. cernuum , and H. camptopodum . The genus Cystoagaricus Singer is emended and the following new combinations are proposed: C. hirtosquamulosus, C. squarrosiceps, C. olivaceogriseus , and C. silvestris. Neotypes have been selected for seven species described by Fries, and ITS sequence data for these were generated. The following new combinations are proposed: Coprinopsis canoceps , C. cineraria , C. melanthina , C. submicrospora , C. uliginicola, and Typhrasa gossypina . Brief comments are given to other species of interest. Psathyrella ornatispora were found not to belong in Psathyrellaceae . A key to 106 psathyrelloid species in Northern Europe is provided.