The puzzle of plausible deniability

How is it that a speaker S can at once make it obvious to an audience A that she intends to communicate some proposition p , and yet at the same time retain plausible deniability with respect to this intention? The answer is that S can bring it about that A has a high justified credence that ‘ S intended p ’ without putting A in a position to know that ‘ S intended p ’. In order to achieve this S has to exploit a sense in which communication can be lottery-like. After defending this view of deniability I argue that it compares favorably to a rival account recently developed by Dinges and Zakkou (Mind, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzac056 , 2023 ).