How much does it cost to get a dose of vaccine to the service delivery location? Empirical evidence from Vietnam's Expanded Program on Immunization

Highlights • We estimated the costs of Vietnam's vaccine supply chain for routine immunizations. • The storage function had a larger share of costs than the transportation function. • Cost per dose is lowest at upper levels of the system due to economies of scale. • Capital costs for cold chain and labor are the main cost drivers. • Helps advocate for new investments and resource allocation to optimize vaccine supply chain.