Controlling protein homeostasis through regulation of Heat shock factor 1

In order to thrive in a changing environment all organisms need to ensure protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Proteostasis is ensured by the proteostasis system that monitors the folding status of the proteome and regulates cell physiology and gene expression to counteract any perturbations. An increased burden on the proteostasis system activates Heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) to induce transcription of the heat shock response (HSR), a transiently induced transcriptional program including core proteostasis genes, importantly those encoding the Hsp70 class of molecular chaperones. The HSR assists cells in counteracting the harmful effects of protein folding stress and restoring proteostasis. The work presented in this thesis is based on experiments with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) model with the overall goal of deciphering how Hsp70 detects and impacts on perturbations of cellular proteostasis and controls Hsf1 activity. In Study I we describe the fundamental mechanism by which Hsp70 maintains Hsf1 in its latent state by controlling its ability to bind DNA. We found that Hsf1 and unfolded proteins directly compete for binding to the Hsp70 substrate-binding domain. During heat shock the pool of unfolded proteins mainly consist of misfolded, newly synthesized proteins. Severe out-titration of Hsp70 by misfolded substrates resulted in unrestrained Hsf1 activity inducing a previously uncharacterized genetic hyper-stress program. More insight into regulation of Hsp70 availability was gained in Study II where the two splice isoforms of the Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factor Fes1 were characterized. We found that the cytosolic splice isoform Fes1S is crucial to release unfolded proteins from Hsp70 and that impaired release results in strong Hsf1 activation. In Study III we developed methodology to easily measure the rapid changes in Hsf1 activity upon proteostatic perturbations and to monitor protein turnover using the novel bioluminescent reporter NanoLuc optimized for yeast expression (yNluc). In Study IV we report that yNluc also functions as an in vivo reporter that detects severe perturbations of de novo protein folding by its failure to fold to an active conformation under such conditions. Finally, in Study V we investigated how organellar proteostasis impacts on the availability of cytosolic Hsp70. We found that a lowered mitochondrial proteostatic load as a result of high translation accuracy extended lifespan and improved cytosolic proteostasis capaci