Application of Hydrochar for Low-CO 2 Emission Steel Production

Steel is an indispensable material of the modern society and yet the production of steel is one of the largest anthropogenic CO 2 emission sources on the planet. The conventional blast-furnace-basic-oxygen-furnace (BOF) process is responsible for generating 85% of the steel industry’s total CO 2 emissions, which is the result of a high coal consumption rate for the reduction of iron ores and for providing the heat necessary for the high-temperature process. In order to meet the climate goal set by the Paris Agreement, the iron and steel industry must drastically decrease its CO 2 emissions and aim at achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Bioenergy is a form of renewable energy, and if it is managed sustainably throughout its life cycle, it can be considered carbon-neutral. Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels consumed during the steelmaking processes is one way to decrease CO 2 emissions. However, this approach has not been widely adopted by steelmakers over the world due to the high price and the limited availability of wood-based biofuels. Hydrochar is a coal-like solid material that is produced from the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass. It has attracted great interest from steelmakers due to its coal-like properties and the fact that it can be produced from a wide range of organic waste streams that can be found in almost every country. Previous studies focused on the use of hydrochar for the blast furnace process. This thesis therefore examines the potential use of hydrochar in the direct-reduction-electric-arc-furnace (DR-EAF) process, and particularly in two applications where the use of fossil coal is difficult to abate—the coal-based direct reduction of iron ore and the carburization of liquid steel in the EAF. This thesis begins with a characterization study of a hydrochar produced from lemon peel waste (LPH) and its comparison with a fossil reference material (anthracite) and two bio-reference materials (charcoal). The results reveal that LPH is a highly volatile material that is characterized by a low fixed carbon content and a medium calorific value. The volatile matter of LPH consists of gas, tar, and aqueous liquids, and contains approximately half of the total carbon and energy content of LPH. On the contrary, charcoal, anthracite, and the pyrolyzed char of LPH (PLPH) hardly emit any volatiles and are stable up to a high temperature (1200 °C). These materials are characterized by high fixed carbon contents and high calorific value