Influence of Darcy–Forchheimer Fe3O4-CoFe2O4-H2O hybrid nanofluid flow with magnetohydrodynamic and viscous dissipation effects past a permeable stretching sheet: a numerical contribution

The present research examines the impact of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and viscous dissipation effects on the flow and heat transmission properties of Fe 3 O 4 - CoFe 2 O 4 - H 2 O hybrid nanofluid over a permeable stretched sheet, implementing the influence of Darcy–Forchheimer implications. The hybrid nanofluid is examined for its improved thermal and flow characteristics. It is made up of cobalt ferrite ( CoFe 2 O 4 ) and magnetite ( Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles dissolved in water. More significantly, this paves the way for the external alteration of flows employing a magnetic field, which in turn allows for faster convective heat transfer rates. Using similarity transformations, the governing nonlinear PDEs which consider both the magnetic field effects, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and the Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium are converted into a system of ODEs, via Bvp4c shooting technique and utilizing MATLAB software program, a computational model is produced that guarantees precision in capturing the intricate relationship between magnetic field strength, porous medium resistance, and viscous dissipation. The findings demonstrate the way temperature and velocity profiles are significantly influenced by nanoparticle volume fractions ( ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 ) , magnetization parameter ( M ), Darcy–Forchheimer , viscous dissipation ( Ec ), thermal radiation ( Rd ), stretching ratio parameter ( λ ) and suction parameter ( S ). Observations show that as ( Fr ) value rises it depreciates velocity significantly, similarly as ( M ) value enhances the velocity is declined however temperature surges. Moreover, when ( Da ) value appreciates, velocity is accelerated but temperature initially decreases and then boosts substantially. Additionally, as ( M ) enhances, skin friction ( C fx ) appreciates substantially but when ( Da ) enhances, skin friction ( C fx ) depreciates. Furthermore, when ( Rd ) and ( Ec ) values boost heat transfer rate ( Nu x ) damps significantly. These results aid in the optimization of hybrid nanofluids in thermal systems, especially in situations where magnetic forces and permeable substrates are involved, like in energy conversion and refrigeration systems. The findings of this study can be applied to heat transfer devices based on nanofluids and temperature control mechanisms for example that have implications for devices with nanofluids exposed to ambient electromagnetic fields architecture and refinement.