The Challenge of Treating Infections Caused by Metallo‐β‐Lactamase–Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Narrative Review: Metallo-β-Lactamase Treatment

Gram-negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, including Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter baumannii , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , pose a significant challenge in clinical practice. Infections caused by metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)–producing Gram-negative organisms, in particular, require careful consideration due to their complexity and varied prevalence, given that the microbiological diagnosis of these pathogens is intricate and compounded by challenges in assessing the efficacy of anti-MBL antimicrobials. We discuss both established and new approaches in the treatment of MBL–producing Gram-negative infections, focusing on 3 strategies: colistin; the recently approved combination of aztreonam with avibactam (or with ceftazidime/avibactam); and cefiderocol. Despite its significant activity against various Gram-negative pathogens, the efficacy of colistin is limited by resistance mechanisms, while nephrotoxicity and acute renal injury call for careful dosing and monitoring in clinical practice. Aztreonam combined with avibactam (or with avibactam/ceftazidime if aztreonam plus avibactam is not available) exhibits potent activity against MBL–producing Gram-negative pathogens. Cefiderocol in monotherapy is effective against a wide range of multidrug-resistant organisms, including MBL producers, and favorable clinical outcomes have been observed in various clinical trials and case series. After examining scientific evidence in the management of infections caused by MBL–producing Gram-negative bacteria, we have developed a comprehensive clinical algorithm to guide therapeutic decision making. We recommend reserving colistin as a last-resort option for MDR Gram-negative infections. Cefiderocol and aztreonam/avibactam represent favorable options against MBL–producing pathogens. In the case of P. aeruginosa with MBL–producing enzymes and with difficult-to-treat resistance, cefiderocol is the preferred option. Further research is needed to optimize treatment strategies and minimize resistance.