Modeling the transition behaviors of PM10 pollution index

Modeling and evaluating the behavior of particulate matter (PM 10 ) is an important step in obtaining valuable information that can serve as a basis for environmental risk management, planning, and controlling the adverse effects of air pollution. This study proposes the use of a Markov chain model as an alternative approach for deriving relevant insights and understanding of PM 10 data. Using first- and higher-order Markov chains, we analyzed daily PM 10 index data for the city of Klang, Malaysia and found the Markov chain model to fit the PM 10 data well. Based on the fitted model, we comprehensively describe the stochastic behaviors in the PM 10 index based on the properties of the Markov chain, including its states classification, ergodic properties, long-term behaviors, and mean return times. Overall, this study concludes that the Markov chain model provides a good alternative technique for obtaining valuable information from different perspectives for the analysis of PM 10 data.