The impact of generated loading from train passing on the dynamic response of retaining walls: A review

The soil and adjacent retaining wall are mainly affected by forces generated due to static loads from the railway system weight and dynamic loads due to train travel. The stability of the retaining wall adjacent to the railway system must be maintained to support the soil behind it and prevent erosion or slip failure, which is why it is so crucial. Therefore, this review study focuses, especially on sheet pile retaining walls, on examining the effects of dynamic response analysis on safety, design correctness, long-term durability, and optimization. In both urban and rural areas, retaining walls are common and can provide crucial support for railway embankments. The dynamic forces due to passing trains may cause the retaining wall to collapse or lose its serviceability. Therefore, to achieve more accurate retaining wall design and long-term performance, investigating the dynamic response of retaining walls is essential to shed light on the possibility of deformation of these walls and take into consideration the selection of appropriate materials and techniques to withstand dynamic forces, which contributes to maintaining the durability of the railway infrastructure throughout the use of these railways and thus reducing the cost of the maintenance.