A review on nanofluid preparation, characterization, characteristics, and applications

Nanofluids, a mixture of nanoparticles and fluid, have enormous potential to improve heat transfer fluid efficiency. The importance of nanofluids has increased over the last three decades in thermal engineering, nanotechnology, and other applications. The method for preparing nanofluids reported by several researchers is summarized in this review study. Additionally, the types of nanomaterials used to prepare nanofluid, including ceramic, metallic, alloy, carbon-based, and metal-oxide-based materials, are reviewed in this paper, along with the method of preparing nanofluid, its thermophysical characteristics, challenges, and potential future applications. This review’s objective is to summarize current advancements in the study of nanofluid preparation and characterization while also attempting to identify some challenging issues that will need to be resolved for further study.