Experimental investigation of wave induced flapping foil for marine propulsion: Heave and pitch stiffness effect

The submerged hydrofoil has the capability to harness wave energy and convert it into thrust to work with the ship's power system. The current series of experiments investigated the interaction of a passive submerged hydrofoil with regular waves through a comparison of the generated horizontal forces. Springs provide the restoring force for the hydrofoil's heave/pitch motion, corresponding to heave spring and pitch spring. Maintaining a constant heave spring stiffness (490 N/m), subsequent statistical analysis summarized the force trends at different pitch stiffnesses (16–300 N/m) and suggested an optimal pitch spring stiffness in regular waves. A pulse-shaped force signal was observed and explained as a result of low pitch stiffness. Experiments with different spring setups revealed that the heave spring contributes to the harmonic force generated by the fully passive foil. Additionally, by varying wave conditions with limited wave amplitudes and frequencies, tests reproduced the variation of force signals over time and assessed their dependence on wave parameters.