Improved Li4Ti5O12 performance with addition of graphite and Sn nanoparticles using the solid-state method as half-cell lithium-ion battery anode

Renewable energy is a solution to overcome the negative effects of non-renewable energy due to very low carbon emissions and abundant availability on earth, such as, batteries. Battery development is done by increasing the capacity of the anode or cathode on the battery. The purpose of this research is to improve the performance of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) battery anodes using the solid-state method with the addition of Sn nanoparticles (∼10 nm) and graphite as a composite material. Three variations of the addition of Sn nanoparticles besides of 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 5 wt.%. Graphite in each variation, each marked as a sample of LTO/C-Sn nano 10 wt.%, LTO/C-Sn nano 15 wt.%, and LTO/C-Sn nano 20 wt.%. LTO synthesis with the solid-state method starts the sintering process for 6 hours at 850 ℃ then mixing graphite and Sn nanoparticles at the LTO anode is done mechanically. Characterization carried out were XRD, SEM-EDS, CV, CD, and EIS to see the structure, morphology, and performance of the battery anode. Based on the results of the battery characterization obtained the best crystallinity at the LTO/C-Sn nano 10 wt.% anode is 69.19 nm. In testing battery performance for specific capacity (CV) and storage (CD) value on the LTO/C-Sn nano 10 wt.% anode, the best value is 207 mAh/g and 1.5 %. The best conductivity value is the LTO/C- Sn nano 15 wt.% anode with a resistivity of 46.97 Ω.