Epitaxial growth of photonic LiNbO3 nano crystals and structural studies using for waveguides

This manuscript presents the prepared a high quality of nano and microLiNbO3 on the substrates of quartz using a sol-gel technique. A four different molarities concentration was used to prepare and annealed at 500 °C. These prepared samples are analyzed and characterized using the atomic force Microscopy (AFM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tested results show the structures start to have become more homogeneous, more regular, and the film to be more distributed with the molarity concentrations.