Mechanical characterization and durability studies on concrete developed with M-Sand and River Sand

ABSTRACT The over-exploitation of river sand for construction has led to significant environmental concerns, prompting bans and the search for viable alternatives such as Manufactured Sand (M-Sand). This study evaluates the feasibility of M-Sand as a substitute for river sand in concrete production by comparing their physical, mechanical, and durability properties. Physical property assessments include grading and specific gravity. Mechanical properties such as compressive and split tensile strengths were evaluated to determine the structural integrity of the concrete. Durability tests, including the Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT), alkalinity test, and impact resistance test, were conducted to assess the concrete’s resilience to environmental challenges. This study investigated M20, M25, and M30 grades of concrete using river sand and M-Sand. Compressive strengths for M-Sand were slightly lower than river sand but remained within acceptable ranges: 23.80 N/mm2 (M20), 27.50 N/mm2 (M25), and 33.85 N/mm2 (M30). Split tensile strengths followed a similar trend. Durability tests, including RCPT, showed comparable resistance to chloride penetration, with all mixes rated “Very Low.” Alkalinity levels were maintained between 9 and 12, protecting steel reinforcement. Impact resistance and ductility were also comparable, with an average ductility index of 1.289. M-Sand is confirmed as a sustainable alternative to river sand.