Thermal investigation of NbSe nanoparticles synthesized through a temperature-dependent sonochemical method

Due to their unique size-dependent properties, transition metal di-chalcogenide nanoparticles are trending in research for their potential to revolutionize next-generation electronics, energy storage, and catalytic processes. This study addresses the effect of temperature when synthesizing NbSe 2 nanoparticles via the sonochemical method at three different temperatures, room temperature (R.T.), 70 °C, and 100 °C. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) confirmed the high purity of NbSe 2 , with the sample synthesized at 70 °C, displaying the accurate stoichiometric ratio. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that all samples maintained the hexagonal phase of NbSe 2 , with 70 °C exhibiting superior crystallinity due to their crystallite size, lowest dislocation density, and minimal internal strain. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses, demonstrated that the sample synthesized at 70 °C had the highest thermal stability, with the lowest total weight loss and most consistent mass loss behavior. Kinetic parameters were evaluated using the KissingerAkahira-Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods, determining activation energy ( E a ), pre-exponential factor ( A ), change in activation enthalpy (Δ H *), change in activation entropy (Δ S *), and Gibbs free energy change (Δ G *). Also, the sample synthesized at 70 °C exhibited the highest E a , indicating superior thermal stability and favorable reaction kinetics. The findings underscore the significant impact of synthesis temperature on the structural and thermal properties of NbSe 2 nanoparticles, with the sample synthesized at 70 °C demonstrating optimal characteristics. This study provides valuable insights into temperature-dependent synthesis and the thermal behavior of NbSe 2 nanoparticles, highlighting their potential in various technological applications. Due to their unique size-dependent properties, transition metal di-chalcogenide nanoparticles are trending in research for their potential to revolutionize next-generation electronics, energy storage, and catalytic processes.