Trace Sc-electrolyte additive enabling stable Zn metal anodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Trace Sc 3+ additive (1.0 mol%) is shown to greatly improve the Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of Zn metal anodes in aqueous ZnSO 4 electrolyte due to the decreased nucleation overpotential and increased kinetics for Zn plating/stripping. Both Zn|Zn and Zn|V 2 O 5 cells show enhanced cycling stability and rate capability in the Sc 3+ -modified electrolyte. Trace Sc 3+ -electrolyte additive in the aqueous ZnSO 4 electrolyte enables stable Zn metal anodes for zinc-ion batteries due to the homogeneous Zn plating/stripping and improved redox kinetics.