Experimental and theoretical study of the mechanism and rate constants of the sequential 5- spirocyclization involving vinyl, aryl and -alkoxyaminyl radicals

In this research the sequential generation and cyclization of N -alkoxyaminyl radicals to produce 1-azaspiro[4.4]nonane, a prominent scaffold in organic and medicinal chemistry, was studied. Competition experiments in benzene at 80 °C with brominated oxime ethers using Bu 3 SnH as chain transfer and AIBN as the initiator generated vinyl or aryl radicals which were captured by oxime ethers, allowing approximate 5- exo-trig cyclization constants at 4.6 × 10 8 s −1 and 9.9 × 10 8 s −1 respectively to be established. Similar results were obtained by kinetic studies using the transition state theory (TST) from ab initio calculations with density functional theory (DFT) using the M06-2X, B3LYP, mPW1PW91 and TPSSh functionals in combination with the 6-311+G(d, p) basis set. Additionally, it was found that the 5- exo-trig cyclization of the N -alkoxyaminyl radical onto C&z.dbd;C double bonds is a reversible process whose constants were determined to be in the range of 6.2 × 10 0 s −1 and 3.5 × 10 6 s −1 at 80 °C, depending on the nature of the substituents. The calculation of the radical stabilization energy (RSE) shows that the N -alkoxyaminyl radical is a very stable species and its reactivity in the addition on alkenes is governed by its nucleophilic character and the stability of the carbon-centered radical formed after cyclization. The reduction constant of the N -alkoxyaminyl radical with Bu 3 SnH in the gas phase at 80 °C was also estimated to be 3.4 × 10 0 M −1 s −1 through computational calculations. This information facilitates the rational planning of cascades and other methodologies applied to the construction of carbocyclic and aza-heterocyclic compounds. The mechanism and kinetic constants of the cascade cyclization involving vinyl, aryl and N -alkoxyaminyl radicals for the formation of 1-azaspiro[4.4]nonanes.