Maleidride biosynthesis - construction of dimeric anhydrides - more than just heads or tails

Covering: up to early 2022 Maleidrides are a family of polyketide-based dimeric natural products isolated from fungi. Many maleidrides possess significant bioactivities, making them attractive pharmaceutical or agrochemical lead compounds. Their unusual biosynthetic pathways have fascinated scientists for decades, with recent advances in our bioinformatic and enzymatic understanding providing further insights into their construction. However, many intriguing questions remain, including exactly how the enzymatic dimerisation, which creates the diverse core structure of the maleidrides, is controlled. This review will explore the literature from the initial isolation of maleidride compounds in the 1930s, through the first full structural elucidation in the 1960s, to the most recent in vivo , in vitro , and in silico analyses. We review studies from early isolation and elucidation to recent bioinformatics and in vitro work regarding the biosynthesis of maleidrides. These are dimeric anhydrides, made from monomers coupled in various modes leading to structural diversity.